Hello

HW#1

Question 1:

Green engineering is process of Design, commercialization and use of products and process

that are feasible and economical while reducing Risk to human health and the environment and

generation of pollution at the source. This concept can be applied on number of products, like

homes, vehicles, offices, consumer products, electrical equipments and many other things.

It has been designed for the purpose of getting environmental, economic and social benefits.

Following are its potential benefits.

Economic benefits of green engineering include operating costs reduction (i.e., efficiency, waste

management, water, energy, repair and improvement) and optimization of life-cycle economic

performance.

Environmental benefits include protection of natural resources, increased utilization of

renewable energy sources, improvements in water and air quality and diminution of solid waste

generation.

Social benefits include improved health and comfort, reduced impact on local resources and

infrastructure, and use of reused /recycled materials.

Green engineering is that process which has least negative impact on the environment possible. It

will follows the philosophy that designing and manufacturing that products having minimize

damage to humans and the environment, so these products and processes will be more cost

friendly in the long run. In green engineering before starting the work on any project engineers

needs to analyze the situation and try to find environmentally friendly ways to produce the

product which will lass effect human beings and the Earth. Sometimes this process demands

more capital expenditure initially so that product being created is longer lasting and durable, so

the costs in the long-run are reduced. So green engineering focuses on creatinga sustainable

service, product or process that will be environmentally friendly.

Answer 2                                                                                                                                               2

Design for Environment (DfE) is considered as a systematic consideration during design of

issues associated with environmental safety and health over the entire product life cycle.

Some firms still avoid because they believe it is a time-consuming profit drain. But the opposite

can be true, if the firm recognizes that a lot of design effort needs to the product. Then

Preliminary decisions made collectively with engineers can save time later in design. Staff time

can also be saved through the process efficiencies that come with integrated design.

BY successfully integrating green design — product and process — firms can achieve more

business performance and quality that are not just related to green engineering, including

profitability and internal process efficiency. Achieving cultural change may involve a long and

challenging process. Organizations trying to execute sustainable development often find their

predictable operations and culture fundamental challenge. Some argue that a serious commitment

to sustainability requires extensive redesign of organizations and their basic operating practices.

So sustainable engineering is a designing approach that has the ability to fulfill the needs of

present and future generation without compromise.

Following are the Benefits of Sustainable Design include on culture:

Reduction in Life Cycle Costs (irrigation, power, maintenance, etc)

Environment Restoration and Protection

Better Working Environments for inhabitants

Reduction in pollution

Reduction in Disposal Costs and Waste Material

Answer 3                                                                                                                                               3

In any project environment Conflict is as inevitable because When project team members

interact each other during the course of completing their responsibilities and task,  then there is

always a potential for conflict. Actually, it is virtually impossible for people with different

background, skills and norms to work together , make decisions and try to cope project

objectives and goals without conflict. Normally people consider that conflict is unhealthy

, undesirable and needs to be avoided at any costs. It is presumed that conflict is always

abnormal and it will produce personality problems or differences. This is not entirely

true. Conflict can be healthy and can produce desirable results. Sometimes it can be good for

entity because it enhance  open-mindedness and helps  to avoid the propensity toward group

think that many organizations fall prey to.. It is very important that it is not necessary that

conflict should always be avoided, but it needs to be managed. When management understand

conflict then they need to strength the relationships; improve productivity by reducing the time

and energy spent on handling conflict; reduce stress on lives, and get better results from the

conflicts.

For the purpose of managing it Project managers must identify, analyze, and evaluate both

positive and negative values of conflict and their effect on employees performance. They must

also learn how and when to encourage conflict and how to use it to increase the performance of

team members. Conflict need not have negative consequences. So manager needs to do

following

•           Be neutral – strive to be fair.

•           Inquire each party to state what they think the problem is and not ignore other issues.

•           Listen attentively because Good communication is an essential ingredient to build a better understanding with staff, and it establishes employees trust.

•           Managers need to Develop strong people management skills

•           Like motivating staff, information sharing, constructive feedback, coaching, and setting

clear goals around roles and responsibilities play a vital  role in preventing unhealthy

conflict.

•           Encourage individuals for relevant training courses, team building activities and dealing

with different interactions

•           Conduct a health assessment of team
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

here what I’m looking to readjust to get the full mark :::

Good job. A lot of your information appears to come from other sources which you didn’t mention or cite from. Question 1 is not done in short essay form, its very disorganized. Question 1 talks a lot about green engineering, but more about what it is and not as much focus in put on the questions asked about it. For question 3, your discussion of conflict is good but your discussion is more in general, not regarding environmental- conscious environments or green engineering.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

HW#2

1.a)

Municipal Solid Waste or MSW is the waste consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public. The Municipal Solid Waste Industry has four components: Recycling, Composting, Land filling and Waste-to-Energy via incineration.

These waste products can be incinerated to produce energy. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is the process of generating energy in form of Electricity and/or heat from the incineration of waste. The method of using incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy is a comparatively old method of waste-to-energy production. Incineration is generally a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. It entails burning the waste to produce heat, which helps to boil the water and create hot steam. This steam rotates the steam turbines coupled with the generators, finally producing electricity. The concept of producing electricity is the same as the Thermal Power Plants, where fossil fuels (coal, diesel etc.) are burnt in the boiler to heat the water to produce steam. This steam is passed through the economizer utility to collect the heat for reusing it, and then this hot steam is passed through the steam turbines. The rotor shafts of the Steam Turbines are coupled with the Rotor of the Alternator, hence when the rotor of the Turbine rotates electricity is produced. In the rotor an external field is provided to control the power that is produced from the alternator. Electricity is produced by using the same method with the help of MSW, only fossil fuels are substituting with the waste products.

During the 2001-2007 period, there was increase in WTE capacity about four million metric tons per annum. China and Japan built many plants that were based on direct smelting or on fluidized bed combustion of solid waste. There are about 50 WTE plants in China. The largest user in thermal treatment of MSW in the world with 40 million tons is Japan.

There are lots of ways in which the MSW are disposed of .Most famous and well known methods are dumps. More commonly used today to protect the environment however, are landfills. These are specially created areas so waste can be put into the ground with little or no harm to the natural environment through pollution.

Nowadays, landfills are engineered in this way to protect the environment by protecting the pollutants from going into the soil and contaminating the ground water. The first method is by surrounding the landfills with clay liner, which can prevent the pollutants from leaving the landfill. These are called sanitary landfills. The 2^nd method is to use synthetic liners like plastic to separate the landfills trash from the land below it. Once trash is put into these landfills, it is compacted until the areas is full, at which time the trash is buried. This is done to prevent the trash from contacting the environment but also to keep it dry and out of contact with air so it will not quickly decompose. This method is called Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.

About 55% of the waste generated in the United States goes to landfills while around 90% of waste created in the United Kingdom is disposed in this manner.

1.b)

Ashes that are created as a waste from the incineration of the MSW, cannot be buried in the landfills as they leach throughout the area and cause severe contamination. So disposing the ash is a problem. But they can be used as a material in the cement industry. But nowadays due to the problems created from the pollution caused from burning the waste the incineration method is avoided.

2)

The cost of building the incineration facility is $50 Million. The facility is capable of burning 750 tons of waste/ day producing 14 MW a day. This means 14/24 MW per Hour.

Now this amount of electricity can be sold for 0.095 per kilowatt hour. It is mentioned that there will be no additional cost for taking the waste to the facility, only a fee of $105 a ton has to be paid in order to bury the waste in a landfill.