Heats of Mixing and Reaction

Heats of Mixing and Reaction

Nitrobenzene is made by the direct nitration of benzene by
nitric acid in the presence of strong sulphuric acid solution: C6H6
+ HNO3 —> C6H5NO2 + H2OThe actual nitrating agent is the nitronium ion, NO2+, and the
sulphuric acid is needed to generate this from the nitric acid
feed. Sulphuric acid, of strength 66% by weight and 90˚C is mixed
with pure nitric acid at 25˚C to give a nitric acid strength in the
mixture of 7.5% by weight and temperature of X˚C. The mixed acid is
then passed through a heat exchanger to bring its final temperature
to Y˚C and fed to the reactor. Liquid benzene at 25˚C is also fed
to the reactor at a rate to give a 10% stoichiometric excess based
on the nitric acid flow. The reactor operates adiabatically and
gives 100% conversion of the nitric acid. All products leave the
reactor as liquids at 138˚C. The sulphuric acid is re-concentrated
to 66% and recycled, while the nitrobenzene is sent for
purification.(i) The temperature, X˚C of the mixed acids after mixing; (ii)
The temperature, Y˚C, at which the mixed acids enter the
reactor.You may assume that the organics benzene and nitrobenzene form
an ideal liquid mixture, and there is complete immiscibility
between organics and inorganics.

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