Discuss how agonistic and antagonistic plays an essential role in the human body and pharmacology.

Discuss how agonistic and antagonistic plays an essential role in the human body and pharmacology. However, they act in opposite directions. When an agonist generates an action, the antagonist resists the action. An agonist is a substance that works together with the cell receptor to generate some reactions typically for that particular substance (Dalm et al., 2016). On the contrary, antagonistic is a chemical that resists the action. An agonist can easily bind to a receptor site and cause a response, while the antagonist resists a drug and prevents the response. When an agonist is a compound that promotes a neurotransmitter’s action, the antagonist blocks the neurotransmitter’s actions and interferes with the action. A partial agonist impacts the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatment since it cannot achieve the maximal reaction that the system can achieve because a partial agonist has a lower efficacy than a full agonist (Dalm et al., 2016). Conversely, an inverse agonist is a ligand that can easily bind to a receptor to produce the opposite result when an agonist binds to a similar receptor. In this regard, inverse agonists have the opposite effects of the drug to the usually expected result of receptor activation leading to negative efficacy.
The ion gated channels are transmembrane ion channels that usually open or close because of the binding of chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters. They are found at the skeletal junctions of neuromuscular and are acted on by fast neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (Yudin & Rohacs, 2019). They can also pull and bond to the agonist-changing proteins and respond faster to a signal. On the contrary, g couple proteins are integral membrane proteins utilized by cells to change extracellular signals into intracellular responses such as hormone response neurotransmitters. Besides, g couple proteins respond slowly to a signal because the coupling mechanisms add extra complexity to elicit a response. Despite the differences, both g couple proteins and ion gated channels are connected to the activation of protein kinase, and they change their conformation when bound to a hormone.
Epigenetics refers to how behavior and the environment of an individual can affect how genes work (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). However, epigenetics is reversible, and they do not change the sequence of DNA but can change how the body reads a DNA sequence. In pharmacological actions, epigenetics plays a vital role by regulating the gene activity to maintain the cell’s regular phenotypic activity. Additionally, epigenetics modifies gene expressions controlled by various epigenetic mechanisms, leading to physical and psychiatric diseases (Camprodon & Roffman, 2016). In this regard, traditional treatment may be ineffective with patients suffering from psychiatric disorders since the epigenetics mechanism regulate cellular and gene expression.
A psychiatric nurse practitioner needs to know and understand the type of drugs they prescribe to patients. In this regard, a nurse practitioner must undertake a patient’s assessment, including education and discussion about the pharmacogenomics. The discussion is essential, particularly for patients undergoing various treatments that are not successful. The knowledge of medication is crucial; for example, in prescribing a drug to a patient exhibiting symptoms of depression requires an accurate prescription. Similarly, prescribing antidepressants immediately to a patient with depression symptoms may not be appropriate since the actions of antidepressant drugs may cause a patient to go into mania. Therefore, it is essential to discuss with the patient the symptoms and identify whether a patient is under medications. Getting the right information from patients and understanding the correct drugs is necessary before giving prescriptions.
References
Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1–19). Elsevier.
Yudin, Y., & Rohacs, T. (2019). The G‐protein‐biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of μ‐opioid receptor‐mediated signalling to ion channels. British journal of pharmacology, 176(17), 3110-3125.
Dalm, S. U., Nonnekens, J., Doeswijk, G. N., de Blois, E., van Gent, D. C., Konijnenberg, M. W., & de Jong, M. (2016). Comparison of the therapeutic response to treatment with a 177Lu-labeled somatostatin receptor agonist and antagonist in preclinical models. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 57(2), 260-265.

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