An aspect of a historical trend in television, radio or broadcasting since 1990

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Develop a 5-minute class presentation about some aspect of a historical trend in television, radio or broadcasting since 1990. You must make an oral presentation along

with a PDF of the information. Remember the trends we are studying are technology, governmental, business or creative.

BUSINESS GOVERNMENT CREATIVE
ELDER 5 1964-1980
Televised plea from President Johnson for civil rights
law. Bill became law in July 1964.
Jackson, Mississippi efforts to not renew the stations
license as there was no programing for the Negro
news vs. the money making evening schedule caused an
adversary culture that pitted the rating and ad sales
against prestige and the high road of news.
population which represented 45 percent of the
viewing area. The commission went ahead and
renewed one year terms.
Hollywood job was not to produce high brow
entertainment such as Medea but to produce mass
entertainment.
Affiliates seem to feel the same way. That NBC is ruining it
with all this damned news and documentary stuff.
Sunday afternoons was turned into a gold mine by the
rise of professional football. 1964-65
technology used instant replay Oswald murder was
used in football.
ABC-TV highly successful Monday Night Football
presided over by Howard Cosell.
Saturday mornings once regarded as a time for do-good
programs to please women’s groups were becoming
profitable for animated films, largely violent, but loved by
advertisers.
Weekday mornings and afternoons were increasingly
profitable to daytime serials.
The late evening hours were profitable far into the
night in 1962 NBCTV Tonight series became the
domain of Johnny Carson.
The Breadkfast hours were also highly profitable
especially for NBC-TV and it’s Today series.
The New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to
San Francisco and Los Angeles because there was a plan
to supply programs to homes in those area by television
cable.
Subscribers would pay an installation fee and pay for the
programs
1964 was the year of the decision of the sale of
subscription TV (Subscription TV, Inc).
Cable subscription Motion picture theaters were up in
arms at the prospect of a new form of competition.
Broadcasters were also alarmed.
To operate entirely within California, it’s cables would not
cross state lines the plan would avoid FCC jurisdiction.
CATV was Community antenna systems soon became the
meaning of cable TV.
Community antenna systems were developed in early
television to bring programs to towns that did not yet
have stations of their own
. It helped small isolated communities usually ones with
bad receptions
The subscriber paid an installation fee to have a
connection and then a subscription fee. In 1964 it was
generally $5 per month.
Did the FCC have jurisdiction over CATV as it did no
broadcasting. Most commissioners felt in 1964 it was
not a concern of the commission.
The cables to subscribers homes were usually strung
on telephone poles under a contract with AT&T.
In the early 1960’s the broadcast industry woke up to
the fortunes being earned by the cable systems.
1964 over a 1000 systems were in operation.
They were members of National Community Television
Association later the National Cable Television
Association.
a growing awareness that a nationwide linking of cable
systems could turn into coast to coast subscription
television.
Broadcasters were hedging their bets and investing in
cable as were publishers and film companies.
The number of commercials that could be crowded into
a given time period amazed some observers A try by FCC to adopt commercial standards failed.
1964-66
Bad vs evil was the content of the telefilms. Spies.
Undercover warfare
The Man from UNCLE
Get Smart
I Spy with Robert Culp and Bill Cosby.
Mission: Impossible Greg Morris and Peter Graves
Saturday morning animated series there were
struggles to control domination.
Super Six, Atom Ant, Secret Squirrel, Space Kidettes.
Even in outer space with Star Trek , The Outer Limits,
The Invaders.
US involved in Vietnam skyrocket.
TV producers and writers shied away from the subject.
But the period did bring military drama from other US
war periods
McHale’s Navy, Combat, Rat Patrol, Gomer Pyle USMC,
Twelve O’Clock High, Jericho, Hogan’s Heroes, Whakiest
Ship in the Army, F Troop and Wild Wild West.
February 1967 a commission established by the
Carnegie Corporation a grant to establish Corporation
for Public Broadcasting.
Spring of 1967 the Ford Foundation earmarked money for
the Public Broadcast laboratory to produce a major
Sunday evening series, PBL to be available to the 100-odd
educational stations most were linked by AT&T cables.
PBL debuted November 67 and reflect a world in sharp
contrast to prime time television. Public Television
eventually got government funding but President put a
military head in place as Chairman
By 1968 90 minute The Virginian and The Name of the
Game were budgeted $275,000 per episode.
30 minutes series Bewitched, Hogan Heroes, Green
Acres, Get Smart were budgeted at $80,000 per
episode.
The network as underwriter of a series generally had the
right to review each episode at several stages: synopsis,
teleplay, revised pages and screenings of roughly edited
workprint and final print
Ad Agency representatives and sponsors might also see
copies of the teleplay
Heroes with special magic powers were numerous
including women with I Dream of Jeannie. Bewitched
and the Flying Nun.
Animal heroes with special powers like Flipper.
Family series were uncompromisingly wholesome
including Two monster family series The Addams
Family and The Munsters .
By 1968 the single-sponsor series had almost vanished
programs had a dozen sponsors.
April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King was killed. Riots
broke out, looting happen in all major cities.
The stars of yester year where kept current on TV. Lucy
had her own show with Jack Benny as a special guest star.
Bob Hope continued to entertain the troops. This
primetime viewing offered a splendid world.
Networks began a frantic pruning and juggling of
programs. Segments of Bonanza, Mannix, The
Avengers, Bill Valley and The Guns of Will Sonnett were
canceled. The producer of Get Smart, The Mod Squad
and It Takes a Thief were revised.
June 5, 1968 Robert Kennedy was shot at the
Ambassador Hotel. The violence shook the nation
1968 Democratic convention in Chicago all hell broke
loose
Meanwhile Networks. Scrapped some of the violent
Saturday morning cartoons series Scripts for Television
were continued to be pruned of expendable mayhem.
The National Commission on the Causes and
Prevention of Violence stated that television
programming as a possible factor
News rooms became very clear they were being feed
misleading information by the government so they sent
correspondents to Vietnam
Rise of Pacifica radio stations in New York, Berkeley and
Los Angeles of noncommercial stations had diverse views
from all sources.
President Johnson worked so hard to cajole, control
and neutralize the news media.
During the rise of the Vietnam war Americans were
turning from commercial television and responding to
new media or old ones in a new form.
. On college campuses activist students were ferreting out
the relationship with big business.
Underground film, off-Broadway theater, café, cabaret,
folk songs, posters, newsletters, demonstrations, march,
rock festivals, sit ins, teach in, love in Offering messages
shunned by prime-time TV
Commercial TV was the establishment. TV rejection of
the new subculture thus providing that the new anti-hero
the anti establishment person.
Smothers Brothers Series helped with having guest like
Pete Seeger on.
No alternative place on TV for these voices other than
occasional inclusion into network programing.
mid 1960’s filmmaking burst out of college campuses with
alienation and dissent as dominant themes.
IT&T a huge conglomerate requested to merge with ABC.
With delays from litigation it ended not happening.
P430From the turmoil and violence of 1968. Most felt that
television was a far cry from relevance this sent many
programs into oblivion. 1968 launched Julia series a black romantic heroine.
1969-74-The Nixon years- witnessed much upheaval with
shifting rating leadership, changes in content, slippage of
long-established rules and standards
Unlike a generation of action-adventure telefilms, many
of the new relevant series were produced on videotape
and performed before a studio audience
P 435 Congress ban cigarette advertising from the air after
1970.
P434 CBS-TV launched All in the Family after ABCTV had
financed two pilots because it was too risky. The quick
success of the series brought similar projects.
Lear expanded his empire Maude, The Jeffersons, Good
Advances in electronic editing equipment encouraged
the trend towards video tape
Nixon used television too. 1969 Emphasizing withdrawal
from Vietnam
P436 Speed in tempo of commercials and other messages
assume that the audience had unlimited ability to absorb
a barrage of information and persuasion. A new
fragmented style involved. The staccato style:
Introduction of highly portable videotape cameras
were beginning making the system adaptable to
outdoors as well as indoor.
1972 Nixon visited China. A large group of televised
coverage
68-69 Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In
69-70 Hee Haw
1969 brought Sesame Street to Public television in
Children’s Television Workshop
P 451 Then came Watergate. June 17, 1972
Public Television played a role in this dissent of the war
with documentaries such as Behind the Lines about the
FBI.
P463 What was the proper role of television in relation to
government. Television had played a part in the fall of the
President and had provided the arena in which the drama
played out
P 439 73-74 black heroes and heroines lived in a different
world. Heroes were junk dealers Sanford & Sun
A dry-cleaning shop The Jeffersons
Family manage to keep head above water in Good Times.
1976 Museum of Broadcasting open in New York City All
network contributed surviving radio and television
treasure. NBC marked it’s 50th year in 1976, CBS in 1977.
The Waltons was set in the Great Depression but was
launched at a time when unemployment statistics were
again assuming alarming proportions.
Public television always in a crisis with financial
problems. Public television stations now featured
endless fund appeals, money raising time.
Public TV Great series had been creative. Nova, National
Geographic, MacNeil=Lehrer Report. The Ascent of Man
P469Nielsen provided audience statistics but only
audience size. But gradually added other data from the
diaries kept by a sampling houses .
Broke audience into age groups 18-24’ 25-34; 35-49’ 50-64; 65-plus These statistics told sponsors and agents what
kind of people watched
In the mid 70’s demographic data seemed to favor heroes
and heorines with magic powers or people from outer
space. Humans with God like powers as old as Greek
mythology.
The Ad agency now help transaction based on block
viewers. No longer did sponsor decision might be derive
from personal reaction to the programs.
Younger views meant more ad dollars while the older
group were not big spenders.
P475 Another round of concern about sex and violence
brought about NAB of family Time or Family hour from 7-9 PM.
A suit filed by the Writer’s Guild and Norman Lear about
Family Hour violating first amendment rights. Thus the
ruling that each network could adopt a family time but
not under NAB obligation or FCC duress. Family time was
soon forgot
However by the late 70’s again wives of representatives
and senators created the Moral Majority. P481
P 489 1980 Ad Age noted that television had
revolutionized everything from sales pitches to politics.
With the Election of Ronald Regan and the persistent
theme of deregulation. Market forces and viewers have
say over what controls program services.
1961, FCC approves standards for FM stereo. This began
an interest in FM plus the lack of new AM stations.
between 1965-67, FCC passed nonduplication rule. This
required AM/FM joint licensees in major markets to
program FM independently from the AM.
formula radio…the playlist, the announcing style, slogans,
jingles, and promotional stunts are all aimed at a
particular audience. All talk, beautiful music (nearly dead)
adult contemporary, urban contemporary, all news, talk,
classical, country, metal, etc.
Radio has become a demographically targeted segmented
medium. It appeals to specific audiences and does not
expect to get a mass audience of all kinds of people. It’s
programming is aimed toward one kind of listener.
1950-1970 there weren’t alot of FM radios in cars or
transistors. By 1974, most radios had FM and by 1976
most cars did
As TV moved into the living room and bedroom. Radio
moved into the car, the beach and the walkman.
FM late 60’s 70’s became the alternative to formula radio.
The stations called themselves free form radio. It didn’t
last. Campus stations are the real free form today.
the FCC in 1971, prompted by the White House, they
warned stations not to play drug lyrics, etc. Automated
music services were also created to serve stations without
d.j.’s.
FM has surpassed AM for audience and sales value

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