1 International Public Law

1 International Public Law

PUBLIC  INTERNATIONAL  LAW  (attached 3 pages)

 

In  Part  I,  you  are  limited  to  1,800  words;  

Please   indicate  the  word  count  for  your  responses  on  the  final  page.

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PART  I  (MAXIMUM  1,800  WORDS)  

 

Albertonia,  an  independent  country  in  the  plains  of  South  America,  has  for  centuries   maintained  friendly  relations  with  the  neighbouring  Republic  of  Lusitaniland.

Their  relations   are  governed  by  several  multilateral  treaties  (including  the  United
Nations  Charter,  the  Vienna   Convention  on  the  Law  of  Treaties,  and  the  Vienna
Convention  on  Diplomatic  Relations)  and  by   their  common  membership  in  a  regional  integration  system,  the  Organization  of  South  American  Unity  (OSAU),  which
comprises  five  other  South  American  countries  and  which   establishes,  among  other  things,  an  internal  market  and  common  institutions  for  the   maintenance  of  peace

and  security.

 

In  January  2014,  a  revolution  in  Lusitaniland  leads  to  an  overthrow  of  the
government  and  the   assumption  of  power  by  political  forces  hostile  to  Albertonia
because  of  what  they  perceive  as   Albertonia␣s  radical  free-market  policies.

The  new  government  quickly  proceeds  to  the   nationalization  of  several  Albertonian  companies␣  operations  in  Lusitaniland,  which  provokes   much  anger  in  Albertonia
and  has  the  Albertonian  government  mobilize  its  armed  forces  and   hold  military
manoeuvres  close  to  the  border  between  the  two  countries.

 

Public  outrage  in  Lusitaniland  against  this  perceived  provocation  by  Albertonia  is
great,  and  in   July  2014,  a  group  of  demonstrators  enter  the  Albertonian  embassy
in  the  Lusitanian  capital,   Caramba.  They  take  several  embassy  staff  hostage  and  keep  the  building  occupied.   Lusitaniland␣s  police  forces  take  position  outside  the  building,  while  the  most  popular  radio   station  in  Caramba  praises  the  occupation
as  an  act  of  ␣courage  in  the  face  of  the  brutal   imperialism  of  Albertonia␣.

 

 

In  response,  Albertonia  sets  Lusitaniland  a  24hour  ultimatum  to  free  the  embassy
staff  and   liberate  the  embassy  building.  At  the  end  of  the  ultimatum,  Albertonia
dispatches  a  special   helicopter  unit  of  its  air  force  to  rescue  the  staff.
The  unit  enters  Caramba  at  2am  on  15  July,   manages  to  free  two  of  the  hostages  but  is  then  repelled  by  an  angry  mob  and  loses  a   helicopter  in  the  operation.
Two  of  the  Albertonian  soldiers  involved  in  the  operation  are   taken  by  the  occupiers  as  ␣prisoners  of  war␣.  Albertonia  then  brings  the  matter  before  the   Peace
Council  of  the  OSAU,  which  authorizes,  by  5  votes  to  2,  a  peace  enforcement  mission  of   the  Organization.
The  mission,  which  is  quickly  dispatched  and  contains  forces  from  three   member  states  (most  forces  as  well  as  the  commander-­‐in chief  are  from  Albertonia),  enters   Lusitaniland  on  2  August,  occupies  the  embassy,  frees  the  hostages  and  returns  the  embassy  to   Albertonian  control.
Invited  by  Albertonia,  the  OSAU  keeps  protecting  the  embassy  from   attacks  by  the  population  of  Lusitaniland.  Meanwhile,  Santiania,  another  member  state  of  the   OSAU,  declares  that,  in  response  to  Lusitaniland´sirresponsible  behaviour,  it
suspends  all   economic  relations  with  the  country  and  also  suspends  the  operation  of  the  chapter  on  trade   relations  in  the  Charter  of  OSAU.

 

Lusitaniland  takes  the  case  against  Albertonia,  the  OSAU  and  Santiania,  to  the
International   Court off  Justice.  It  asks  the  ICJ  to  declare:

 

• That  Albertonia  has  violated  international  law  by  entering  Lusitaniland␣s  territory  with   its  helicopter  unit;
• That  OSAU  and  Albertonia  have  violated  international  law  by  entering  Lusitaniland␣s   territory  with  the  OSAU␣s  peace  enforcement  mission;
• That  Santiania  has  violated  international  law  by  unlawfully  suspending  the  operation  of   the
  trade  chapter  of  the  OSAU  Charter.

Albertonia,  in  its  counterclaim,  asks  the  ICJ  to  declare  that:

1. Lusitaniland  has  violated  international  law  through  its  actions  in  relation  to  the   occupation  of  the  Albertonian  embassy  in  Caramba.

 

 

         How  should  the  ICJ  decide?        

 

 

 

 

Annex:  Materials  for  Part  I    :  Jurisdiction  of  the  ICJ  

Lusitaniland␣s  ambassador  to  the  Hague  has  made  the  following  declaration  in  1958:
␣I  declare   on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  Republic  of  Lusitaniland  that  I  recognize
as  compulsory   ipso  facto  and  without  special  agreement,  in  relation  to  any  other  State
accepting  the  same   obligation,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  International  Court  of  Justice,  in
conformity  with  Article  36,   paragraph  2,  of  the  Statute  of  the  Court,  in  legal  disputes
arising  after  13  July  1948  concerning   situations  or  facts  subsequent  to  that  date,  except
those  in  regard  to  which  the  parties  have   agreed  or  may  agree  to  have  recourse  to
another  method  of  pacific  settlement.␣  Santiania  has  made  an  equivalent  declaration  in
1984  for  situations  arising  after  that  date.  

Albertonia  has  made  an  equivalent  declaration  in  1987  for  situations  after  that  date,  adding  a   provision  that  reads:  ␣The  jurisdiction  of  the  Court  does  not  extend  to  situations  that  are   essentially  within  the  domestic  jurisdiction  of  Albertonia.␣  

  

The  Charter  of  the  Organization  of  South  American  Unity  Article  19:

1. The  Peace  Council  is  the  highest  decision-­‐making  body  of  the  OSAU  in  matters  of  peace  and   security.  
2. It  is  composed  of  representatives  of  all  member  states.   3  

 

3. It  takes  decisions  by  a  majority  of  at  least  two  thirds  of  all  members.  

 

Article  20:

All  member  states  are  bound  by  the  decisions  of  the  Peace  Council.  

 

Article  24:

1. The  Peace  Council  can  determine  the  existence  of  a  threat  to  the  peace  in  South
   
2. When  a  threat  to  the  peace  exists,  the  Peace  Council  can  take  the  necessary
   measures  to   restore  peace  and  security  in  South  America.  
3. These  measures  may  involve,  for  example,  the  suspension  of  trade  relations  with
   one  of  the   member  states.  

 

 

PUBLIC  INTERNATIONAL  LAW  

 

 

in  Part  II,  to  1,200  words.  

Please   indicate  the  word  count  for  your  responses  on  the  final  page.

 

 

In  Part  II,  you  should  choose  TWO  of  the  three  essay  questions.  

I  recommend  that  you  read  the  questions  in  full  before  beginning  to  answer.
If  there  are  any   ambiguities,  state  so  or  make  assumptions.  Please  state  clearly
what  law,  case,  or  principle  you   are  relying  on  (in  whichever  reference  format  you  choose).

 

 

 

 

PART  II  (MAXIMUM  1,200  WORDS)  

 

Answer  TWO  of  the  following  three  questions:

 

• Does  international  law  have  a  ␣democratic  deficit␣?  Discuss.
• Should  international  courts  have  jurisdiction  over  countries  without  their  consent?  Discuss.
• Is  international  law  a  construct  of  the  Western  world?  Discuss.  

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